Japanese Keigo (Honorific Language): The Survival Guide for Non-Native Speakers
Master Japanese keigo with this practical guide. Learn sonkeigo (respectful), kenjougo (humble), and teineigo (polite) forms with real-world examples and when to use each.
You've landed an interview at a Japanese company. You've practiced your self-introduction. You walk in, bow perfectly, and say: 「こんにちは!私は田中です。仕事をしたいです!」
Dead silence. The interviewers exchange glances.
What went wrong? You spoke Japanese... but you didn't speak keigo.
What Is Keigo (敬語)?
敬語 literally means "respectful language." It's a system of linguistic politeness that changes: - Verbs (different conjugations) - Nouns (honorary prefixes) - Pronouns (how you refer to people)
Think of keigo as having three "modes":
| Mode | Japanese | Purpose | Who Uses It |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sonkeigo | 尊敬語 | Elevate the listener/subject | When talking ABOUT someone above you |
| Kenjougo | 謙譲語 | Lower yourself | When talking ABOUT your own actions |
| Teineigo | 丁寧語 | General politeness | Standard polite form (です/ます) |
A Quick Visualization
Imagine a "politeness elevator":
👑 [Sonkeigo - 尊敬語] ← Elevate THEM
↑
🏢 [Teineigo - 丁寧語] ← Standard polite floor
↓
🙇 [Kenjougo - 謙譲語] ← Lower YOURSELF
The Key Insight: Keigo isn't just about being "polite"—it's about adjusting relative social positions through language.
The Three Types in Detail
1. Teineigo (丁寧語) — Polite Language
This is what most textbooks teach first: the です/ます forms.
You already know this:
- 食べる → 食べます (taberu → tabemasu)
- 行く → 行きます (iku → ikimasu)
- [Noun] です (... desu)
Teineigo is:
- ✅ Safe for most situations
- ✅ Required minimum in business/formal settings
- ✅ What you'd use with strangers, service staff, new acquaintances
Examples:
| Casual | Teineigo |
|---|---|
| これ、食べる? | これを食べますか? |
| 明日行く | 明日行きます |
| 田中だ | 田中です |
2. Sonkeigo (尊敬語) — Respectful Language
Sonkeigo elevates the listener or the person you're talking about. Use it for:
- Your boss
- Customers/clients
- Elders
- Anyone "above" you in the social hierarchy
Two Main Patterns:
Pattern A: お/ご + Verb stem + になる
| Standard | Sonkeigo | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 読む | お読みになる | (You) read |
| 待つ | お待ちになる | (You) wait |
| 話す | お話しになる | (You) speak |
Pattern B: Passive form as honorific
| Standard | Passive/Sonkeigo | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 行く | 行かれる | (You honorably) go |
| 来る | 来られる | (You honorably) come |
| 言う | 言われる | (You honorably) say |
Pattern C: Special irregular forms (MEMORIZE THESE)
| Casual | Sonkeigo | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 食べる | 召し上がる (めしあがる) | eat/drink |
| 見る | ご覧になる (ごらんになる) | see/look |
| いる | いらっしゃる | be/exist |
| 行く/来る | いらっしゃる | go/come |
| 言う | おっしゃる | say |
| する | なさる | do |
| 知っている | ご存じ (ごぞんじ) | know |
Real Examples:
- 社長はもういらっしゃいますか? (Is the president here yet?)
- 何を召し上がりますか? (What would you like to eat/drink?)
- 先生がおっしゃったとおりです。(It's as the teacher said.)
3. Kenjougo (謙譲語) — Humble Language
Kenjougo lowers yourself (or your in-group) relative to the listener. Use when:
- Talking about YOUR actions to someone above you
- Describing what YOUR company does for a client's company
- Making requests (humbly asking)
Pattern A: お/ご + Verb stem + する
| Standard | Kenjougo | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 持つ | お持ちする | I (humbly) carry |
| 送る | お送りする | I (humbly) send |
| 連絡する | ご連絡する | I (humbly) contact |
Pattern B: Special humble verbs (MEMORIZE THESE)
| Casual | Kenjougo | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 食べる/飲む | いただく | I (humbly) eat/drink/receive |
| 見る | 拝見する (はいけんする) | I (humbly) look at |
| 聞く | 伺う (うかがう) | I (humbly) ask/hear |
| 行く/来る | 参る (まいる) | I (humbly) go/come |
| いる | おる | I (humbly) am/exist |
| 言う | 申す (もうす) | I (humbly) say |
| する | いたす | I (humbly) do |
| 知る | 存じる (ぞんじる) | I (humbly) know |
| もらう | いただく | I (humbly) receive |
| あげる | 差し上げる (さしあげる) | I (humbly) give |
| 会う | お目にかかる | I (humbly) meet |
Real Examples:
- 明日、そちらに参ります。 (I'll come to you tomorrow.)
- レポートを拝見しました。 (I looked at the report.)
- 私は田中と申します。 (I'm called Tanaka.)
Your boss asks if you've seen the client's email. How do you say 'I saw it' using kenjougo?
Quiz options are unavailable for this question.
The Most Critical Verb Pairs
Here's your cheat sheet for the most common verbs:
| Meaning | Dictionary | Teineigo | Sonkeigo (about them) | Kenjougo (about me) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eat/Drink | 食べる/飲む | 食べます | 召し上がる | いただく |
| Go | 行く | 行きます | いらっしゃる | 参る |
| Come | 来る | 来ます | いらっしゃる | 参る |
| Be (exist) | いる | います | いらっしゃる | おる |
| Say | 言う | 言います | おっしゃる | 申す |
| Look/See | 見る | 見ます | ご覧になる | 拝見する |
| Know | 知っている | 知っています | ご存じ | 存じる |
| Do | する | します | なさる | いたす |
| Ask/Hear | 聞く | 聞きます | — | 伺う |
| Give | あげる | あげます | — | 差し上げる |
| Receive | もらう | もらいます | — | いただく |
Honorary Prefixes: お and ご
Adding お or ご elevates the noun:
| Type | Prefix | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Japanese-origin words | お | お水, お茶, お名前, お仕事 |
| Chinese-origin words | ご | ご連絡, ご意見, ご家族, ご確認 |
Watch out! Not everything gets these prefixes. Don't say:
- ❌ おコーヒー (foreign loanword)
- ❌ お机 (not commonly used)
Common fixed expressions:
- お忙しいところ恐れ入りますが... (I'm sorry to bother you when you're busy...)
- ご検討いただければ幸いです (I'd be grateful for your consideration)
When to Use What: Real Scenarios
Scenario 1: Job Interview
You walk in:
「本日はお時間をいただき、ありがとうございます。」 (Thank you for giving me your time today.)
Key forms used:
- いただき = humble form of もらう
- お時間を = honorific prefix on 時間
NOT:
❌ 「今日は時間をくれてありがとう。」 (Too casual!)
Scenario 2: Restaurant (as staff)
Customer enters:
「いらっしゃいませ!何名様でしょうか?」 (Welcome! How many people?)
Taking an order:
「ご注文はお決まりでしょうか?」 (Have you decided on your order?)
Serving food:
「こちら、ステーキでございます。どうぞ召し上がってください。」 (This is the steak. Please enjoy your meal.)
Scenario 3: Email to a Client
株式会社〇〇
田中様
いつも大変お世話になっております。
ABCの山田と申します。
先日ご依頼いただいた件について、
添付ファイルにて資料をお送りいたします。
ご確認いただけますと幸いです。
ご不明な点がございましたら、
お気軽にお申し付けください。
何卒よろしくお願い申し上げます。
山田
Key Keigo:
- お世話になっております (set phrase for ongoing relationship)
- 申します (humble for "called")
- ご依頼いただいた (humble receiving of their request)
- お送りいたします (humble doing of sending)
- ご確認いただけますと (humble request)
- お申し付けください (respectful request for them to ask)
- 申し上げます (humble "I say")
You're ending a business email. Which is the correct keigo closing?
Quiz options are unavailable for this question.
The "Uchi-Soto" Principle
内 (inside) vs 外 (outside)
This is crucial: When speaking to outsiders (customers, clients, other companies), you use HUMBLE language about your own boss!
Example: A customer asks about your manager.
✅ 「田中は今、外出しております。」 (Tanaka is currently out of the office.)
❌ 「田中部長は今、外出していらっしゃいます。」 (Wrong! Can't use sonkeigo for your own people talking to outsiders)
Rule: Your in-group (company, family) gets "lowered" when speaking to outsiders, even if they're your superiors within the group.
Common Keigo Mistakes to Avoid
Mistake 1: Double Honorifics
❌ お召し上がりになられる ✅ 召し上がる (already honorific—don't add more!)
Mistake 2: Using Sonkeigo About Yourself
❌ 「私は田中といらっしゃいます」 (Can't elevate yourself!) ✅ 「私は田中と申します」 (Humble)
Mistake 3: Wrong Prefix
❌ ごプレゼント (foreign word) ✅ プレゼント (no prefix needed)
Mistake 4: Elevator Speech to Everything
Don't use maximum keigo with everyone! Using 申す with your friends sounds weird and distant.
Match your formality to the relationship:
- Boss: Keigo
- Coworker: Polite (です/ます)
- Close friends: Casual
Keigo Survival Kit: Start Here
If you only memorize ONE expression from each level:
| Level | Phrase | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Sonkeigo | いらっしゃいますか? | "Are you there?" / "Is [person] in?" |
| Kenjougo | いただきます | Before eating, or "I'll receive/accept" |
| Business Set Phrase | お世話になっております | Standard email/call opener |
| Closing | よろしくお願いいたします | "Please take care of this" / Standard closing |
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1: Upgrade These Sentences
Convert to appropriate keigo:
- 01社長、このレポート見た? →
- 02明日、会社に行く。 →
- 03先生が言った。 →
Answers
- 01社長、このレポートをご覧になりましたか? (Sonkeigo for boss's action)
- 02明日、会社に参ります。 (Kenjougo for your own action)
- 03先生がおっしゃいました。 (Sonkeigo for teacher's action)
Exercise 2: Fix the Mistakes
Find the keigo error:
- 01私がこちらに召し上がりました。
- 02お客様は今日いますか?
- 03田中部長がおっしゃいました。(Speaking to a client)
Answers
- 01❌ 召し上がる is sonkeigo! → ✅ いただきました or 参りました
- 02❌ Too casual for customer → ✅ いらっしゃいますか?
- 03❌ Can't elevate own boss to outsider → ✅ 田中が申しておりました
FAQ: Common Questions
I'm just a tourist—do I need keigo?
For basic travel, polite form (です/ます) is sufficient. Save keigo for:
- Job interviews
- Business meetings
- Very formal situations
Is keigo used in anime?
Rarely correctly. Anime often exaggerates or uses it for comedic effect. Don't learn keigo from anime!
What about keigo in texting?
Business emails = full keigo. Personal texts = casual is fine. When in doubt, err formal.
How long does it take to master keigo?
- Recognition: 2-4 weeks
- Production (basic): 2-3 months
- Natural usage: Years of practice and exposure
Start with the 10 critical verbs above, and expand from there.
Conclusion: Keigo Is a Superpower
Yes, keigo is complex. Yes, even native speakers make mistakes. But here's the thing: attempting keigo shows respect, even if imperfect.
Your action plan:
- 01✅ Memorize the 10 critical verb pairs
- 02✅ Practice です/ます until it's automatic
- 03✅ Learn 5 common business expressions
- 04✅ Watch formal Japanese content (NHK, business dramas)
- 05✅ Don't be afraid to make mistakes!
Keigo isn't just grammar—it's your ticket to being taken seriously in Japanese professional and formal settings. Start with teineigo, add sonkeigo/kenjougo gradually, and you'll be navigating Japanese business culture like a pro.
Ready to build your vocabulary foundation? Practice essential words with KanaDojo—then layer keigo on top!
失礼いたします!(Excuse me—politely!)
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